essay 2-ECH 2073

Introduction:- In the report we got unknown sample and we have to do many tests to know which type of sample it is. We compare the sample with the references and from that we can identify it. So let’s take a look first on the background of fossil fuel and the types of fuel oils existed, their characteristics and applications in real life and then talk about the negative impact of fossil fuel on the environment and the living organisms and then mention the alternatives to fossil fuels and finally discuss our experimental test and findings. Fossil fuels are fuels produced by natural processes such as anaerobic decomposition of covered dead organisms.. Fossil fuels contain high fraction of carbon and include coal, petroleum, and natural gas. “Humans have used petroleum since the earliest times” (Dr. Zayn Bilkadi, In 1992). Fossil fuels are of grand substance because they can be burned. Transformer oil it is most highly superior inorganic oil that is stable at high temperatures and has outstanding electrical padding properties. It's used in some types of high voltage, route breakers, dazzling lamp ballasts and oil-filled transformers. Its functions are to insulate, suppress corona and arcing . (transformer oil .Wikipedia.2013) Gear oil is an oil made purposely for transmissions, shift cases, and differentials in automobiles. It is of a higher viscosity to better guard the gears and usually is linked with a really strong sulfur smell. (gear oil.Wikipedia.2012) Turbine oil any oil used to lubricate the bearings and auxiliary machinery in steam and hydraulic turbines, in turbo pumps, and in air, gas, and refrigeration turbo compressors. Turbine oils are also used as lubricants and working fluids in various types of closed-cycle industrial machinery. (ibid) Testing description: The total acid number (TAN) is a measurement of acidity that is determined by the amount of potassium hydroxide in milligrams that is needed to neutralize the acids in one gram of oil.( total acid number. Wikipedia 2012.). (Figure 3) The refractive index substance is a dimensionless number that describes how light, or any other radiation, propagates through that medium. ( The refractive index- Wikipedia 2012) API (American Petroleum Institute) is a measure of how heavy or light a petroleum liquid is compared to water. API gravity is thus an inverse measure of the relative density of petroleum liquid and the density of water. ( API - Wikipedia 2012) The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress (Shah ,2013.). (Figure 2) Pour point is the lowest: temperature at which it becomes semi solid and loses its flow characteristics. In crude oil a high pour point is generally associated with a high paraffin content. (pour point. Wikipedia,2013). A flash point is a temperature at which a liquid will burn and keep burning (Figure 1) The cloud point of a fluid is the temperature at which dissolved solids are no longer completely.(ibid) Experimental-Data: We did many tests for our unknown Physical appearance, API gravity, viscosity, flash point, pour point, cloud point, refractive index and total acidity number shown. Type of test Result Physical appearance Light yellow API gravity 36.550 viscosity @40oC 4.9 cSt @100oC 2.3 cSt Flash point 104c Pour point (-11) to (-12) Cloud point 10 to 8 Refractive index 1.4411 Total acid number 0.06 mglg Standard deviation and precision of viscosity: S= √(∑▒((X-mean))/(n-1)) %Sr = S/Mean X 100% Calculating standard deviation @40oC: X Mean (X – Mean)2 Standard deviation 4.945 4.962 0.0002 0.123 4.845 4.962 0.0128 0.123 5.093 4.962 0.0302 0.123 %Sr = S/Mean x100 = (0.123)/(4.962) x100=2.48% Calculating standard deviation @100oC: X Mean (X – Mean)2 Standard deviation 2.30 2.28 0.0004 0.044 2.31 2.28 0.0009 0.044 2.23 2.28 0.0025 0.044 %Sr = S/Mean x100 = (0.044)/(2.28) x100=1.93% That’s means our result was precise. Discussion : I can say in this experimental was a successful but have some few problems in testing and some of the literature research. One of the problems on literature research was there many different results in different website, like example if we find the API of transformer oil we got its equal 40% and other 70% so we don't know which one is the true one so We had a difficult time finding the same actual results. other problem we encountered was that we had to re test the Total acid number twice because we didn’t find the result which is match what we got on literature research. ''Petroleum, coal, and natural gas are by-products of geological processes deep in the Earth''(Ellis ,2003.) . Fossil fuels environmental impact of is can be summarized by the outcome of burning of these fossil fuels which is measured to be the largest contributing factor to the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Some of the negative effects of fossil fuel on the environment includes: Air pollution, water pollution, accumulation of solid waste all of which cause human diseases and harm the environment. There are some alternatives to fossil fuel. one of the alternatives are firstly solar energy in which the sunshine heats liquid in solar panels and produce energy. Another one is the hydroelectric power. In this type of alternatives to fossil fuel the strong current in the river is able to generate electricity. Finally there is the ocean waves power that can also turn turbines and produce energy. Conclusion According to our data we find our sample is match with gas oil and transformer oil. so are little bit confuse between them but its closely to gas oil and we decide to choose a gas oil. Firstly speaking the TAN number which we found was 0.06 and this number is mostly close gas oil which is between 0.05 - 0.02. Secondly the Flash point I thing the only problem was on it because our sample result was 104 and the date was 66, yes its far but it's the close it one and The other was in the rang. We believe that after this experimental method of define the unknown substance according to scientific date we feel much better and proud of our search .